What ethical issues arise when withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment, and how are they typically resolved?

• A. It is straightforward with no conflicts.
• B. It involves conflicts among autonomy, beneficence, and family wishes; resolved via patient’s advance directives, ethics consultations, and legal standards.
• C. It is decided solely by the treating physician.
• D. It is never legally permissible to withhold treatment.

Answer: (B)